JAMA Network Open

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IMPORTANCE: Preterm children are at risk for neurodevelopment impairments. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a music therapy (MT) intervention (parent-led, infant-directed singing) for premature children during the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay and/or after hospital discharge on language development at 24 months' corrected age (CA). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This predefined secondary analysis followed participants in the LongSTEP (Longitudinal Study of Music Therapy's Effectiveness for Premature Infants and Their Caregivers) randomized clinical trial, which was conducted from August 2018 to April 2022 in 8 NICUs across 5 countries (Argentina, Colombia, Israel, Norway, and Poland) and included clinic follow-up visits and extended interventions after hospital discharge...

IMPORTANCE: Binge eating disorder (BED) is one of the most frequent eating pathologies and imposes substantial emotional and physical distress, yet insufficient health care resources limit access to specialized treatment. Web-based self-help interventions emerge as a promising solution, offering more accessible care. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of a web-based cognitive behavioral self-help intervention for individuals with BED. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This 2-arm, parallel-group randomized clinical trial conducted from January 15, 2021, to August 3, 2022, in Germany and other German-speaking countries enrolled patients aged 18 to 65 years who met the diagnostic criteria for BED (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition])...

IMPORTANCE: Transitions in care settings following live discharge from hospice care are burdensome for patients and families. Factors contributing to risk of burdensome transitions following hospice discharge are understudied. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with 2 burdensome transitions following hospice live discharge, as defined by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This population-based retrospective cohort study included a 20% random sample of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries using 2014 to 2019 Medicare claims data...

IMPORTANCE: Disparities in outcomes exist between Black and White patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with Black patients experiencing poorer prognosis compared with their White counterparts. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether varying intensity of induction therapy to treat pediatric AML is associated with reduced disparities in treatment outcome by race. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A comparative effectiveness analysis was conducted of 86 Black and 359 White patients with newly diagnosed AML who were enrolled in the AML02 trial from 2002 to 2008 or the AML08 trial from 2008 to 2017...

IMPORTANCE: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) appears to be an effective treatment option for minor (nondisabling) acute ischemic stroke. This conclusion is based on trials that include both transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke; however, these 2 conditions may differ. OBJECTIVE: To compare DAPT regimens specifically for minor stroke. DATA SOURCES: PubMed was searched for randomized clinical trials published up to November 4, 2023...

IMPORTANCE: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Overall Star Rating is widely used by patients and consumers, and there is continued stakeholder curiosity surrounding the inclusion of a peer grouping step, implemented to the 2021 Overall Star Rating methods. OBJECTIVE: To calculate hospital star rating scores with and without the peer grouping step, with the former approach stratifying hospitals into 3-, 4-, and 5-measure group peer groups based on the number of measure groups with at least 3 reported measures...

IMPORTANCE: There is a lack of randomized clinical trial (RCT) data to guide many routine decisions in the care of children hospitalized for common conditions. A first step in addressing the shortage of RCTs for this population is to identify the most pressing RCT questions for children hospitalized with common conditions. OBJECTIVE: To identify the most important and feasible RCT questions for children hospitalized with common conditions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: For this consensus statement, a 3-stage modified Delphi process was used in a virtual conference series spanning January 1 to September 29, 2022...

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IMPORTANCE: The impact of cumulative exposure to neighborhood factors on psychosis, depression, and anxiety symptom severity prior to specialized services for psychosis is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To identify latent neighborhood profiles based on unique combinations of social, economic, and environmental factors, and validate profiles by examining differences in symptom severity among individuals with first episode psychosis (FEP). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study used neighborhood demographic data and health outcome data for US individuals with FEP receiving services between January 2017 and August 2022...

IMPORTANCE: While disparities in consent rates for research have been reported in multiple adult and pediatric settings, limited data informing enrollment in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) research are available. Acute care settings such as the PICU present unique challenges for study enrollment, given the highly stressful and emotional environment for caregivers and the time-sensitive nature of the studies. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether race and ethnicity, language, religion, and Social Deprivation Index (SDI) were associated with disparate approach and consent rates in PICU research...

IMPORTANCE: Hypoparathyroidism following thyroid surgery is a serious complication that occurs frequently when surgery is performed by low-volume thyroid surgeons without experience in parathyroid surgery. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of hypoparathyroidism following total thyroidectomy after the introduction of autofluorescence in low-volume, nonparathyroid institutions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective, multicenter cohort study, with a follow-up period of up to 1 year, was conducted in Denmark at 2 low-volume nonparathyroid institutions between January 2021 and November 2023...

IMPORTANCE: At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of British Columbia, Canada, released clinical guidance to support physicians and nurse practitioners in prescribing pharmaceutical alternatives to the toxic drug supply. These alternatives included opioids and other medications under the risk mitigation guidance (RMG), a limited form of prescribed safer supply, designed to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and harms associated with illicit drug use. Many clinicians chose to coprescribe opioid medications under RMG alongside opioid agonist treatment (OAT)...

IMPORTANCE: Patient portals are increasingly used for patient-clinician communication and to introduce interventions aimed at improving blood pressure control. OBJECTIVE: To characterize patient portal use among patients with hypertension managed in primary care. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study used electronic health records linked with patient portal log file data from a large, diverse Midwestern health care system...